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Incomputable: An Essay by Gary Shiffman

Are You Thinking — or Just Imitating?

In a world racing toward artificial intelligence, economist and war veteran Gary M. Shiffman asks the question too few dare to ask:
 

What makes us human—and can machines ever truly think?


In his provocative essay Incomputable, Shiffman blends AI, behavioral science, and first principles to offer a powerful framework for making sense of our AI-disrupted world. Enter your email below to get full access to Incomputable and a new lens on AI, ethics, and human agency.  

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Ethics can be computed;
morality transcends computation.

Excerpted from an essay delivered to the Literary Society of Washington, DC on April 5, 2025.

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