top of page
Incomputable: An Essay by Gary Shiffman
Are You Thinking — or Just Imitating?

In a world racing toward artificial intelligence, economist and war veteran Gary M. Shiffman asks the question too few dare to ask:
What makes us human—and can machines ever truly think?
In his provocative essay Incomputable, Shiffman blends AI, behavioral science, and first principles to offer a powerful framework for making sense of our AI-disrupted world. Enter your email below to get full access to Incomputable and a new lens on AI, ethics, and human agency.
Enter your email below to get the essay.
Ethics can be computed;
morality transcends computation.
Excerpted from an essay delivered to the Literary Society of Washington, DC on April 5, 2025.
bottom of page